Many
women in developing countries want to enter the formal economy. Typically, they
have three options: joining family businesses, working as employees at someone
else’s business, or striking out as entrepreneurs to start their own
businesses.
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Women during an
entrepreneurship seminar by the Institute
of Development
Studies and Practices. Photo by: IDSP
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Regardless of their preference, they face many of the
same challenges: limited access to cash and credit, business development
services, markets, networks and mobility; cultural traditions and taboos that
limit the types of work they can do and the extent to which they can work
alongside men; child care and family responsibilities; and insufficient
technical and business skills. These and other obstacles stand in the way of
women trying to gain a foothold in business.
Much has been researched and written about these
challenges, and many approaches to overcoming them have been attempted, with
varying degrees of success.
In rural areas, the literature is replete with poultry
raising, jam making, embroidery, tailoring, carpet weaving, handicrafts, bee
keeping and other activities that are low on the value chain and
labor-intensive, and that work within the spatial confines it is believed women
can maneuver. Indeed, when asked, women often specifically request training in
these areas. Years of experience and numerous studies lead me to believe that
these requests are largely based on what women see other women doing, not on
what young women want to do themselves. Women are simply unaware of other
options.
So women gravitate to — or are led to — starting or
expanding micro-businesses that produce something, like eggs or jam or carpets.
While common sense tells us that not everyone has the interest or aptitude for
growing, sewing or producing something, development projects tend not to
provide many options, especially if target groups specifically request
something traditional. Too often, these projects are undertaken without
sufficient market research or quality control, resulting in an overabundance of
similar products of low quality with neither a sufficient domestic market nor
any chance of export to ensure success or sustainability. These types of
projects are primarily implemented in rural areas, where even young women with
some education are viewed as unable to do much else.
For a growing number of young women in urban and
peri-urban areas, however, both options and aspirations are multiplying. In
many countries, women are staying in school longer, marrying later, having
fewer children — and choosing more contemporary occupational paths. Even within
this group, women face traditional forces encouraging them to work within
family businesses, stay close to home, not work with men, and not travel.
Increasingly, however, courageous women are breaking the traditional template.
One of the paths such women are choosing is employment in
an existing entity in the public or private sector. This makes sense since not
everyone is a natural entrepreneur, and a job ensures a regular paycheck.
Typically, the pay is low, benefits are minimal or nonexistent, workplaces are
not “female-friendly,” and neither corporate nor government policies recognize
the needs of female employees. Oftentimes, male co-workers also make the
workplace unpleasant for women.
Among women with an entrepreneurial spirit — and those
who simply won’t put up with the difficulties of working in a male-dominated
office — many are aspiring to build their own business.
One interesting change among female entrepreneurs is the
beginning of a shift from producing something to providing a service.
Working in gender over a recent five-year period in
Afghanistan, I was able to talk with women from many parts of the country. I
kept track of what young, inexperienced but educated and ambitious women wanted
to do with their lives, and I stayed current with research on related topics.
All the women I met wanted to work, whether married or not. Even after having a
child, women wanted to return to work. And the majority of women wanted to work
in the service sector.
Many wished to open an orphanage, school, clinic or some
type of humanitarian enterprise, which, in a poor, war-torn country, is
understandable. But the array of services that women wanted to provide was rich
and diverse. The following illustrates the modern thinking about careers among
many young, primarily urban women with some education:
• Establishing driving schools for women.
• Providing taxi or transport services for women.
• Starting culinary academies and catering services,
especially for the extensive wedding market.
• Providing gardening or landscaping training, leading to
the establishment of landscaping companies, flower shops, greenhouses servicing
florists, et cetera.
• Starting secretarial schools with a placement service.
• Opening businesses in a wide range of information and
communications technology.
• Establishing gymnasiums and providing professional
exercise training.
• Starting highly professional beauty schools and salons.
• Establishing law firms, accounting companies, dental
offices et cetera, where professionally educated women could provide services.
• Cutting and polishing gemstones and other services in
extractive industries.
• Providing entertainment services, such as bands for
weddings and parties.
• Starting party planning companies.
• Setting up tourism businesses as guides or managing
hotels.
• Establishing laundry and cleaning services for hotels,
guest houses and offices.
• Starting travel agencies.
• Providing translation services.
• Running media companies working in print, radio or
television.
• Opening psychology or mental health clinics.
• Opening veterinary clinics.
• Starting English language schools.
• Establishing equipment repair companies dealing with
computers, mobile phones and other electronics.
• Opening public baths for women.
• Becoming turn-key wedding businesses, providing
marriage halls, catering, flowers, entertainment, wedding dresses et cetera.
These women want to provide services within their own
country, where they know a market exists. Among the many challenges they will
face, perhaps the greatest will be competing with men, who own and run the
businesses in the areas of interest to women.
The support that women need will differ from the
traditional micro-, livelihood or income-generation activities that have helped
rural women with little or no education; it will also differ from the
high-level international networking and sales conventions for businesswomen
leaders. The young women described here represent a relatively new demographic,
which requires a different type of support to help them overcome not only
traditional obstacles but new challenges as well.
These women are ready. The question is whether the
international development community is ready to assist.
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